Glossary
Mein Weg nach Deutschland Glossar
A
das Abitur (school-leaving certificate or general university entrance qualification)
At an academic secondary school, or Gymnasium, students graduate with the Abitur. This is the highest school-leaving certificate in Germany. After this, they can study at a university.
Accessibility, accessible
Accessibility means that something is easily accessible to everyone. Buildings are considered accessible, for example, if they have ramps for people in wheelchairs.
Accident insurance
Accident insurance is paid if you have an accident. There is statutory accident insurance for accidents that happen at work. And there are also private accident insurance policies for accidents that occur in your leisure time.
Adult education centre
Adults and young people aged 16 and older can take courses at an adult education centre. These courses are inexpensive. You can learn languages, including German, or take classes in photography, jewellery-making, dancing, painting and much more. There are also career-oriented courses, for example in computer skills training. Adults can also complete school-leaving qualifications there. Courses are usually held on weekday evenings or at weekends.
Advance payment
This is money you pay in advance.
Advice, to advise
You can get advice from experts on all kinds of issues. For more detailed information, go to the Getting help section.
Advisory / counselling centre
Do you have questions or a problem? This is the place where you can get help. Staff here can provide you with information and tips on a specific topic.
After-school care programme
After-school care programmes are designed for school children after classes. They are especially useful when both parents work. These programmes usually provide meals and help with homework. Other activities are also offered, such as sports or arts and crafts.
After-school childcare centre
When their parents are at work, children can go to an after-school childcare centre, or Hort, after lessons. Sometimes they can also go there before school starts in the morning. At a Hort, children are given lunch and help with their homework. They can usually stay until 4 or 5 p.m.
All-day school
At these schools, children attend until around 4 or 5 p.m. During this time, they receive lunch and help with their homework. They can also participate in special activities such as music lessons, sports or drama classes. State-run all-day schools are free, while private all-day schools charge fees.
Application
Do you want to apply for a job at a company? If so, you have to write a job application. This normally includes a cover letter, a CV with a photo and your certificates. The second part of the process is an interview, when you are invited to meet the employer if he or she liked your written application. You also have to write an application if you’re looking for a trainee position.
Application deadlines
Are you planning to apply for a job, training programme or place at university? In many cases, you’ll need to submit your application by a certain date. This is known as the application deadline. This deadline is usually mentioned in the job listing or on the university’s website.
Application documents
This typically includes a cover letter – a letter to the company explaining why you want the job and why you are a good fit for the position. You will also need to submit your CV (a table listing your qualifications), certificates and, optionally, a photo.
Application for a place at university
If you want to study at a university in Germany, you have to apply for admission. You are required to submit documents such as your school-leaving certificate and language proficiency certificate. Some of these documents may need to be officially authenticated. Additionally, some universities require a letter of motivation. The university then reviews your documents and decides whether you meet the criteria to study there.
Assessment test
If your school-leaving certificate does not meet the requirements for studying in Germany, you must pass an assessment test at a preparatory college (Studienkolleg). Once you have passed the test, you will be eligible to study at a German university.
Assessment test
This test is taken before you start a language course. It enables the language school to assess your German skills and determine your proficiency level. You take the test before the integration course. It ensures that you start the integration course at a level that matches your abilities. In some cases, you may need to take the test when registering for the integration course.
Authentication, to authenticate
An official body, for example a notary, checks documents to make sure they are genuine. They do this by signing and stamping the documents.
B
Bachelor’s degree
You can do a Bachelor’s degree if you have a university entrance qualification. A Bachelor’s degree usually takes three to four years. After completing a Bachelor’s degree, you can go on to study for a Master’s degree.
Bank card
You can use a bank card for cashless payments if you have a current account with a bank. There are debit cards, girocards and credit cards.
Bank transfer, to transfer
The bank sends money from one account to another, for example, to pay rent for an apartment. The money goes directly from your account to the landlord’s or landlady’s account. You instruct the bank to automatically send the money to your landlord’s or landlady’s account. Most people make bank transfers online on their computer or smartphone.
Basic account
The basic account is a type of bank account. It is similar to a current account, but is for people who have little money. Banks are obliged to give you a basic account. Your salary, pension or child benefit can be paid into this account, for example. And you can use this account to pay bills.
Basic fee
This is the price you have to pay every month.
Basic rent / ”cold” rent
This is the rent excluding utility charges.
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Bilingual school
In bilingual schools, lessons are taught in two languages, usually German and one other language.
Birth certificate
This document contains information about the birth of a child, such as name, gender (boy or girl), date and place of birth, and the names of the parents. The registry office issues birth certificates.
Boss
Your boss is your direct superior. Your boss is responsible for you and your work during working hours. He or she decides which work to give you and how you should do it. Usually, your boss has his or her own boss, too.
Branch
These are the offices of large banks and savings banks which are located in different towns and cities. Banks usually have a head office and many branches.
C
Call deposit account
This kind of account is not for everyday use, like a current or basic account. If you have money to spare, you can invest it in a call deposit account. Banks pay higher interest on money in a call deposit account compared to a current or savings account. You can also withdraw the money from the account quickly.
Cash
Banknotes and coins are cash. You can use these to pay anywhere.
Certificate
When applying for a job or a place at university, you must always submit copies of your certificates. These include job references (“Arbeitszeugnisse”), which provide details about your last job, and school and university certificates issued by your school or university. If you have certificates from your home country, you will need to have them translated and authenticated.
Certificate of eligibility for an integration course
You need this document to register for an integration course. You can usually obtain one from your local Immigration Office.
Certificate of no impediment to marriage
You need this document if you wish to get married and do not have German citizenship. The certificate confirms that there are no legal reasons preventing you from marrying. One impediment, for example, would be if you’re already married. The certificate of no impediment states that you are legally permitted to marry.
Certificate of registration
This document contains your address. It can be obtained from the residents’ registration office or your local town hall. You need to take your passport with you. A certificate of registration usually costs between five and ten euros.
Childcare
Do you work and need childcare for your child? Various childcare options are available. Children aged three to six or seven can go to a kindergarten. There are crèche facilities for small children under three. Or you can find a childminder. You take the child to the childminder’s home in the morning and pick it up in the afternoon or evening. After-school centres or lunchtime supervision programmes are available for schoolchildren.
Childcare worker
This is a profession. To become a childcare worker, you have to train at a technical college or vocational college. The training includes such subjects as psychology, education, health, sport, etc. Childcare workers work in kindergartens, children’s homes (a home for children who have no parents) or the youth welfare office. They look after children.
Childminder
Childminders look after children in their own home, often caring for several children at once. Childminders are required to have special training and are paid for their services. Both men and women can work as childminders.
Children’s daycare centre
These are places where children are looked after during the day. Crèches, kindergartens and after-school centres are daycare centres. The abbreviation for this is “Kita”.
Citizens’ benefit
This is financial support for people who have no work. Employed people may also qualify for citizen’s benefit if they don’t earn enough money to live on.
Club
Clubs bring together people with common interests and goals. Members of clubs share passions, such as playing sport, singing or helping others. There are many different types of clubs. In a football club, for example, members play football together, while in a music club, members make music as a group.
Commission
If you rent or buy an apartment through an estate agent, you have to pay the agent money for their services. This is called commission.
Comprehensive school
This is a Hauptschule, Realschule and Gymnasium combined into one institution. Children attend courses that vary in difficulty. If a child is not good at maths, they can attend an easy course. If a child is good at English, they can attend a more advanced course. In a comprehensive school, it is relatively easy to switch from one school type to another. However, comprehensive schools are not available everywhere.
Compulsory school attendance
In Germany, all children have to go to school from the age of six or seven. The exact age at which compulsory schooling begins varies depending on federal state.
Consulate
A consulate represents one country in another country. The consulate of your home country is responsible for issuing documents in Germany. If you need a passport, for example, you go to your consulate.
Consumer advice centre
These are information centres for consumers. A consumer is someone who buys something. The consumer advice centre provides information about various products and offers support with legal problems. For example, if you buy something that is faulty and the shop refuses to take it back, the consumer advice centre can help.
Course provider
These are language schools that offer integration courses. You can obtain more details from the language school or online. Find a location near you on the BAMFwebsite.
Credit card
A credit card allows you to make payments without cash. The money is not debited directly from your current account. It is usually debited from your account on a monthly basis. It’s a bit like a small loan. While not all shops accept credit cards, they are usually accepted for online purchases, including rail and air tickets. You often have to pay your bank a monthly fee for a credit card.
Crèche
A crèche is like a kindergarten but for younger children aged between a few months and three years.
Current account
The current account is the most important type of bank account. You need it to pay your rent, receive your salary, to make transfers, deposit cash and make cashless payments or online purchases. If you have a current account with a bank or savings bank, you will receive a debit card and/or girocard. You often have to pay a fee for a girocard.
Curriculum vitae, CV
The CV is one of the documents you need when you apply for a job. It includes your personal details, such as name and profession, educational qualifications, work experience and special skills (computer skills, foreign languages, etc.). The employment agency website offers examples of CVs.
D
Debit card
You can use a debit card to withdraw cash from a cash machine or make cashless payments. You can usually use a debit card to pay for online purchases, too. If you have an account with a bank or savings bank, you automatically receive a debit card. A debit card is not a credit card. The seller deducts the money from your account immediately. You can generally use a debit card in Europe and elsewhere in the world. However, some shops, hotels and car rental companies do not accept debit cards. This is why banks also offer customers a girocard and credit card.
Deposit
When you move into a new apartment, you usually have to pay the landlord or landlady a deposit, sometimes also known as “Mietsicherheit”. Landlords or landladies can use this money, for example, if the tenant fails to pay the rent. When you move out, the deposit is usually paid back to you. The deposit should be no more than three months’ basic rent (excluding utility charges).
Direct debit
You can make purchases using the direct debit payment method. This means the seller debits the amount from your account. You allow them to take the money from your account. If your account is with a bank in Germany, there is no charge. You can use the direct debit method to pay for online orders but also for insurance and monthly payments (electricity/gas, telephone/internet). You allow the insurance company or another company to debit the money from your account every month.
Doctorate, to do a doctorate
After completing a doctoral degree, you are awarded a doctorate. This is the highest degree offered by universities. With a doctorate, you can pursue a career in science and research and teach at university.
Doctor’s certificate
If you’re ill and unable to work, you usually need a doctor’s certificate for your employer. This is a piece of paper from your doctor that states that you are ill and unable to work. Children may also need a doctor’s certificate for school. Usually, you only need this certificate after three days of illness (on the fourth day), but sometimes employers want to see the certificate earlier. You also need a doctor’s certificate if you are unable to take exams at school or university because of illness. Since 2023, it has been possible to report sick digitally.
Driving licence
If you drive a car, lorry or ride a motorbike, you need a driving licence. This document states that you are allowed to drive such vehicles.
Dual study programme
Dual study programmes combine academic study with on-the-job training. Students complete the theoretical part at university while gaining practical experience in a company.
Dual vocational training
In Germany, vocational training is usually part of the dual system. This is also known as in-company vocational training. It combines practical on-the-job training with theoretical instruction. You do the practical training with a company, where you work as a trainee and earn a small salary. You do the theoretical part at a vocational school.
E
Electronic income tax card
With the electronic income tax card (ElStAM), employers receive all the information they need for their payroll processing (such as your tax bracket) directly from the tax office. Your employer uses this information to calculate your taxes. The calculated amount is then deducted from your salary or wages and paid to the tax office. The income tax card used to be a physical paper card, now the system is fully electronic, in other words computerised.
Embassy
An embassy is like a consulate. It represents one country in another country. You can find out more about the German Embassy here: Federal Foreign Office
Emergency service
Doctors and pharmacists who work on Saturdays, Sundays and at night offer emergency services. If you need urgent assistance, you can contact these doctors and pharmacists.
Employee
If you work for a company and are employed by this company, you are the employee.
Employee representation body
The employee representation body represents the interests of the employees of a company. If you’re having problems with your employer, you can seek help from the employee representation body. This body mediates between employees and employers. There are works councils and staff councils. All large companies have a works council. There are also trade unions, which operate independently of the company.
Employer
An employer can be a company, for example. It hires and manages its employees. The state is also an employer, as in the case of teachers or childcare workers. If you own your own business and you work for this business, you don’t have an employer.
Employment contract
If you’re in permanent employment, you will be given an employment contract. This outlines all the rules relating to your work. For example, it tells you what you have to do at work, how much you will earn, how many hours a week you will work and how much holiday you can take. You and the employer sign the contract.
Equal opportunities officer
This is an employee within a company, institution or authority who is appointed to ensure that certain individuals, such as people with disabilities or mothers, are protected from discrimination.
Estate agent
Are you looking for a new home? An estate agent can help you find an apartment or house. But remember that you have to pay for these services.
Ethics class
In most federal states, pupils can choose between religious education and ethics classes. In Berlin, all pupils have to attend ethics classes. These lessons do not focus on a specific religion, instead they cover different religions and philosophical concepts.
European Economic Area
This area includes all the countries of the European Union (EU) together with Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.
European election
The European elections are held every five years. All citizens of the European Union elect members of the European Parliament. The rules governing the European elections vary from country to country.
European Union
The EU is an economic and political partnership of European countries. It currently consists of 27 member states. These states share core values such as freedom, equality and democracy. And they have a common market for goods and labour. A citizen of one EU country can live and work in any other EU country. Seventeen of these EU states use a common currency, the euro (€).
Exchanging or returning goods
Have you bought something but want to return it? Many shops allow you to return items. You can either receive a refund, which means you get your money back. Or, instead of money, you can choose another item from the shop. Special offers are often non-returnable.
F
Family register
When you get married, you are given a family register. This book contains information about your family, such as your parents’ names, place of origin, maiden name, your partner’s parents’ names, their place of origin, children’s names, and so on.
Federal Employment Agency
The Federal Employment Agency helps you find a suitable job. They offer advice and provide job listings across various fields. In some cases, you may receive financial support. Every town has an employment agency. You can find the address of your local employment agency through the www.arbeitsagentur.de (Federal Employment Agency)website.
Federal Foreign Office
You can find out from the Foreign Office whether you need a visa for Germany. For more information go to www.auswaertiges-amt.de (Federal Foreign Office) under “Visa & Service”.
Federal state
The Federal Republic of Germany is made up of 16 federal states (Bundesländer). Most federal states cover a large area, such as Bavaria, Hesse or North Rhine-Westphalia. But some cities, like Berlin and Hamburg, are a federal state in their own right. Each federal state has its own government (Landesregierung) with a parliament (Landtag). A Landesregierung can decide certain things on its own, such as education and cultural policies. But the most important decisions are made by the federal government (Bundesregierung), which governs the whole of Germany.
Federal state parliament election
Members of parliament are elected every four or five years. These are the politicians who work in the Landtag in a federal state.
Fees / charges
This is the money you pay for a service.
Final exam
This is an exam taken at the end of a training programme. Trainees demonstrate what they have learned. If you pass the final exam, you receive a graduation certificate.
Fine
If you cross the street when the traffic light was red, ride your bike on the pavement or drive a car under the influence of alcohol and the police catch you, you could get a fine. This may only be five to ten euros, but sometimes it can be much higher. In some cases, you may even have to give up your driving licence. This means you won’t be allowed to drive your car for a certain period of time.
First day at school
“Einschulung” is a child’s very first day at school. Compulsory education begins when a child starts primary school. The first day of school is typically short, and is celebrated as a special occasion. An important tradition is the “Schultüte” – a special cone-shaped container which parents fill with sweets and school supplies.
Fixed plan
This is the fixed price you pay for your phone; it doesn’t matter how long you talk on the phone or use the internet.
Freelancer
Freelancers work independently in a freelance profession, for example as artists, writers or doctors. Freelancers do not have to register a trade.
G
General practitioner
A general practitioner is a doctor who treats a wide range of illnesses. If you’re unwell, you usually go to see a general practitioner first. He or she will tell you what illness you have and, if needed, refer you to a specialist. This type of doctor is also called a “family doctor” or “house doctor”.
the German language examination for university entrance / TestDaF language examination for German as a foreign language
To study at a university or university of applied sciences, you usually need to have good German language skills and take one of these exams. You can sometimes take this exam in your home country. Further information is available at www.dsh-germany.com and www.testdaf.de.
German test for immigrants
This is the final test which you take at the end of the integration course. You will be able to speak German at level A2 or B1.
Cash or girocard
A girocard (formerly known as an EC card) allows you to withdraw cash from cash machines or make cashless payments. The seller debits the money from your account within a few days. Girocards are only available in Germany. Smaller shops in Germany often only accept the girocard. However, banks often charge a monthly fee for a girocard.
Guarantee
You’ve bought an appliance (such as a television) and now it’s not working? In most cases, you have a guarantee, which means you can take it back to the shop. The shop or manufacturer is obliged to give you a new appliance or pay for the repair. However, a guarantee is only valid for a certain period of time (usually for one year, sometimes longer).
H
Handover report
If you’ve rented an apartment and you discover something is broken before you move in, you and the landlord or landlady must document this in the handover report. You must both sign the handover report.
Health insurance
Health insurance is compulsory in Germany. Health insurance usually covers visits to the doctor, hospital stays and certain medication. However, you usually have to contribute towards the costs of medication. If you have a very low income, you can be insured through your spouse. Children are automatically covered by their parents’ insurance.
Higher education institution
Higher education institutions are universities and universities of applied sciences. You can study at an institution of higher education if you have the Abitur or another higher education entrance qualification.
Holiday
You have a certain number of days’ holiday each year. You will continue to receive your salary during your holiday. You must ask your supervisor when you can take holiday. In Germany, people normally work five days a week. So if you want to take a week’s holiday (from Monday to Sunday), you need five days’ holiday.
House rules
House rules regulate how residents should live together in a building. For example, there may be a rule requiring residents to clean the staircase once a week. Another rule may allow children to play on the lawn in front of the house but not in the garage. Rules may differ from one building to another. You usually receive a copy of the house rules with your tenancy agreement.
I
Identity document, ID
This document confirms your identity. Examples of identity documents are personal ID cards or passports. However, you can also use your driving licence as an identity document.
Immigration office
This is where you go when you first arrive in Germany. But you also go to the immigration office if your visa is about to expire and you need to apply for an extension. Your local town hall (Rathaus) can tell where the immigration office is.
Incapacity to work
This is when you can’t work, for instance, because of an illness or after an accident.
Inclusion
All people are equal, and no one should experience discrimination. Inclusion means actively involving everyone and ensuring they are fully integrated into society, whether at work, at school or in daily life. Inclusion is the opposite of exclusion. People with disabilities should have the same chances to lead fulfilling lives. In inclusive schools, for example, children with and without disabilities learn together. Likewise, individuals with disabilities should be able to find a job easily.
Insurance
Every month, you pay money to an insurance company to protect yourself in certain situations. This means you are covered if these situations occur. For example, you pay money into a health insurance plan every month. If you become ill and need to see a doctor, the health insurance covers the cost of the doctor’s services. You don’t have to pay yourself.
Integration council and integration committee
People from non-EU countries are not allowed to vote in Germany. However, there are still ways to get involved in political processes. Many communities have integration councils and integration committees. They represent the political interests of all immigrants and advise towns and communities. The aim of their work is to promote understanding between immigrants and German citizens.
Integration course
An integration course helps you adjust to life in Germany. This is where you learn the German language but you also gain a deeper understanding of the country’s culture and society. The Federal Ministry for Migration and Refugees (BAMF) covers part of the course costs. For some individuals, the course is free of charge.
Interest
Do you have money in your account? If so, the bank pays you interest on that amount every month. If you have a loan from your bank, you will have to pay the bank money for this every month. This is called interest.
Interim exam
Trainees have to take an exam halfway through their training programme, which is called an interim exam.
Intermediate school-leaving certificate
At the end of the “Realschule”, you obtain the “Realschlussabschluss” certificate in year 10. It’s also known as the “Mittlere Reife”.
International Office
Every university has an International Office, or AAA. If you want to study at a German university, staff at the International Office can help you.
Invoice
If you buy something and don’t pay for it straight away, you’ll receive an invoice. This happens when you make a purchase online, for example. You then transfer the amount from your account to the company’s account. This doesn’t usually cost any additional fee.
J
Job centre
The job centre helps you if you have very little money. You can apply for financial assistance. All cities have a job centre. You can find the address of your local job centre on the www.arbeitsagentur.de (Federal Employment Agency)website.
Job interview
If you have applied for a job and the employer is interested in your application, they may want to meet you and learn more about you. In this case, you will be invited to an interview. You can obtain general information about job interviews from the employment agency or job centre.
K
Kindergarten
The children are looked after together in a group. Kindergarten is for children aged three to six or seven. It prepares children for school. The children learn from each other as well as from the childcare workers. Most kindergartens also have an outdoor play area.
L
Landlord, landlady
A landlord or landlady rents apartments or houses to people who need an apartment or house (tenants).
Language of origin
People who come to Germany from another country speak a language other than German as their language of origin. This is the language they have spoken since childhood. Another term for language of origin is “first language” or “mother tongue”.
Language support
Children learn to speak German better by playing special games, listening to stories and singing songs. Daycare centres often offer special language support programmes for children from other countries.
Lecture
A lecture is a teaching session at a university. It usually takes place in a large hall and is attended by many students. A lecturer talks about a certain topic. Students listen and take notes.
Legal protection for working mothers
These are regulations designed to protect pregnant women and mothers who have permanent jobs. One of the most important protections is that a woman is not allowed to work for a certain period before and after the birth of her child. In Germany, this is six weeks before and at least eight weeks after the birth. During this time, the woman continues to receive her salary or wage. From the beginning of the pregnancy until four months after the birth, the employer is not allowed to terminate her employment. In some professions, woman are not allowed to work for the entire duration of the pregnancy.
Lesson
One lesson in the integration course and vocational language course lasts 45 minutes.
Literacy course
This is a course for people who cannot read or write. There are also special integration courses that include literacy training. This integration course is also referred to as a literacy course (“Alphabetisierungskurs”) and typically lasts 960 hours.
Loan
If you want to buy something but don’t have enough money, you may be able to take out a loan from a bank. The bank lends you a sum of money for a certain period of time. You then have to pay the money back with interest.
Local election
A municipality is a town or community. It is the smallest administrative unit in Germany. Elections are also held within municipalities. The rules for local elections vary from one federal state to another.
Long-term care insurance
Care is very expensive. Long-term care insurance helps cover the costs if you need long-term care. This is often needed by the elderly or individuals who have had a serious accident.
Lunchtime supervision
Lunchtime supervision programmes are similar to after-school childcare centres. Children can stay there after school while their parents are at work. Children are offered lunch and help with their homework. They can also play and spend time outdoors. Sometimes, they go on excursions together. The children usually go home between 2 and 4 p.m.
M
Market
Many towns have a market once or twice a week. They are usually held in central squares or in halls. The vendors often come from the region. They offer a variety of fresh fruit and vegetables, milk and cheese, fish and meat. Sometimes, you can also buy clothes there.
Marriage certificate
If you get married, you receive a document at the registry office. This is the marriage certificate. There are two words for it in German: “Heiratsurkunde” and “Eheurkunde”.
Marriage certificate
If you get married, you receive a document at the registry office called a marriage certificate. There are two words for it in German: “Eheurkunde” and “Heiratsurkunde”.
Marriage counselling
Are there problems in your marriage? Do you argue a lot? You don’t know what to do? Marriage counselling can sometimes be helpful. A neutral person speaks to you and your partner. Another term for “Eheberatung” is “Paartherapie”, or couples counselling.
Master’s degree
A Master’s degree is a higher degree which you can take after a Bachelor’s degree. At the end of the Master’s degree, you write a thesis (Master’s thesis). The course normally lasts two years.
Method of payment
There are different methods of payment. These include payment by cash, direct debit, girocard, credit card and invoice.
Midwife
A midwife is not a doctor, but she is a trained professional who prepares women for childbirth. She provides support during labour and helps both mother and baby after delivery. She offers guidance on all matters relating to your child and is available to answer your questions.
Mini-job
A mini-job allows you to earn a maximum of 538 euros a month. Such jobs are available in various fields, such as a domestic help, office work, driving or in the hospitality industry. You can find mini-jobs through the job centre, in newspapers and online.
Minimum wage
There is a minimum wage in Germany. Employers are not allowed to pay employees less than 12.41 euros per hour (as of 2024).
Mobile network provider
To make calls, send messages and use the internet on your mobile phone, you need a mobile network provider. Providers offer a range of tariff plans. Examples of mobile network providers are Telekom, Vodafone and O2.
Mother tongue / native language
This is the first language a child understands and speaks. Children learn this language without lessons, because their parents and other adults talk to them. If you are born and live in Germany, German is your mother tongue. If you come from another country, your mother tongue will be the language of that country. Mother tongue is also referred to as first language or language of origin.
Multi-storey car-parks
Many towns and cities have multi-storey car-parks because there is not enough space to park on the streets. These buildings have several levels where you can park your car. There is a charge for parking here. You usually pay when you leave the car park. If you only leave your car in the car-park for a short time, it doesn’t cost much. Longer stays become more expensive.
N
Naturalisation, to naturalise
This is when you become a German citizen.
Net
Your net salary or wage is the amount you take home after taxes and insurance are deducted.
Notary
A notary is a certain kind of lawyer. Notaries are allowed to carry out important tasks on behalf of the state. They guarantee that documents are genuine.
Notice
If you want to terminate a contract (for example for an apartment or a job), you have to give notice. A notice of termination is made in writing.
Notice period for accommodation
If you want to move out of rented accommodation, you have to inform your landlord or landlady in writing. You usually have to do this three months before you plan to move out. Often, notice can only be given at the end of the month. Landlords or landladies are also required to give three months’ notice or longer if they wish to terminate the rental agreement.
Notification of admission
A notification of admission is a document you receive from a university if you are accepted to study there.
O
Online job platform
Online job platforms post job listings from companies looking for employees.
P
Parent-teacher consultation
This is an appointment with a teacher. The teacher tells you about your child’s progress and behaviour at school.
Parental allowance
Parents receive this money if they stay at home with their child after it is born.
Parental leave
Parents with a permanent job can take parental leave. During this time, the mother or father does not work. They stay at home to look after the child. You can take parental leave for up to three years, but you can also choose to take just one or two years or a few months. Part of this parental leave can be taken until your child turns eight. This option is available to both parents. You receive parental allowance for the first few months. After the three years or even before, you can return to your job.
Parents’ evening
Parents’ evenings take place several times a year. Teachers give you important information and discuss planned events and school trips. This is also an opportunity to get to know the other parents.
Parents’ initiative
This is a children’s daycare facility set up by parents. Sometimes, a group of parents organise their own daycare because there are not enough available places in their community. The city supports such initiatives. Occasionally, parents may be required to help out, for example by preparing meals or supervising the children if a childcare worker is absent due to illness.
Parliamentary election
A new parliament is elected in Germany every four years. In the Bundestag elections, the citizens elect the members of parliament, in other words, the politicians.
Passport
This document provides proof of a person’s identity. Passports contain personal details about the holder, such as name, age and nationality. You need a passport in your own country, for instance, when you’re dealing with government authorities. And you need a passport to travel to another country. The passport often contains other information, such as details of your visa or residency status.
Passport
This document provides proof of a person’s identity. Passports contain personal details about the holder, such as name, date of birth, and nationality. You need a passport in your own country, for instance, when you’re dealing with government authorities. And you need a passport to travel to another country. The passport often contains other information, such as details of your visa or residence status.
Pension insurance
In Germany, people normally work until the age of 67. After that, they retire. Until retirement, employees pay part of their salary into a pension insurance scheme every month. When they retire, they receive a portion of their previous salary from the pension insurance fund every month.
Employees automatically have a pension insurance plan. They share the costs with their employer. If you’re not an employee, you can take out a private pension insurance policy. Many people have statutory pension insurance (from the state) as well as a private pension plan.
Employees automatically have a pension insurance plan. They share the costs with their employer. If you’re not an employee, you can take out a private pension insurance policy. Many people have statutory pension insurance (from the state) as well as a private pension plan.
Pension office
The pension office is a government office which deals with social affairs. It is responsible for people with disabilities. This is where you can obtain a severely disabled person’s ID card.
PhD
The German doctorate and the PhD are both the highest-level academic degrees. The PhD degree, which comes mainly from English-speaking countries, is more international. However, an increasing number of German universities are now offering PhD programmes.
Playgroup
This is a place where children come together to play. Mothers or fathers are usually there too. Sometimes, an adult leads the group and plays with the children.
Police clearance certificate
This is a document issued by a government authority. It states whether you have ever received a fine or penalty from the police. Employers sometimes want to see this certificate.
Political party
A political party is a group of people with shared wishes and goals. Political parties want to make or influence decisions on behalf of the state.
Pregnancy counselling service
This is a centre where you can seek advice on all matters relating to pregnancy. These centres are available in many towns. Your gynaecologist can refer you to such a counselling service or offer you advice.
Preparatory course
If your school-leaving certificate does not qualify you to study in Germany, you must first complete a preparatory course (Studienkolleg). You have to take an entrance exam first. This requires a good knowledge of German at level B1. At the end of the preparatory course, you take an assessment test. Then you are allowed to study. The preparatory course usually lasts two semesters, but it can sometimes be shorter. Tuition is free, but you will be required to pay a semester fee.
Prescription
You can buy many types of medication at a pharmacy without a prescription. For some medication, however, you need a prescription – a document issued by a doctor. It will tell you which medication you need, how to take it and for how long.
Probationary period
When you start a new job, you normally have a probationary period. During this time, the notice period for you and your employer is shorter. The probationary period gives your employer the opportunity to observe you while you work. They decide whether they want to keep you after the probationary period. And you can also decide whether you want to continue working there. The probationary period can last up to six months.
Proof of financing
This document confirms that you have enough money to support yourself while you are studying in Germany.
Proof of income
A proof of income is a document that shows how much money you earn in a month. You sometimes have to provide proof of income for the last three months when you are looking for an apartment.
R
Recognition of foreign qualifications
In Germany, you can only work in certain professions, such as a doctor or teacher, if you have the appropriate qualifications. The recognition procedure checks the training and qualifications of immigrants. If your training is considered to be equivalent to training in Germany, you will be allowed to work in this profession in Germany with this qualification. You can find more information on the BAMF (www.bamf.de) and www.anerkennung-in-deutschland.dewebsites.
Registry office
If you get married, are having a child or want to get divorced, you have to go to your local registry office.
Religious education
This is a school subject. Schools usually provide Protestant or Roman Catholic religious education. In some federal states, however, schools also offer instruction in Orthodox, Jewish, Islamic or Buddhist religions. Although attendance is not mandatory, students do not have free lesson; in many federal states, they have to attend ethics classes instead. These are lessons in philosophy.
Rent index
The rent index displays average rental prices for housing in a particular city.
Reporting sick
You’re ill and unable to work? If so, it’s important to tell your employer. This is called reporting sick. If you’re ill for longer than three days, you need a medical certificate from your doctor. Sometimes employers want to see the certificate earlier.
Residence permit
A residence permit is a type of residence title. It is temporary and allows you to stay in Germany for a certain period of time. It means you are in Germany legally. You are given a residence permit for a specific purpose, for example it allows you to work, complete training or reunite with your family. It can be extended or replaced with a permanent residence permit.
Residence status
The residence status indicates how long you are allowed to stay in Germany or whether you are allowed to work in Germany. If you have residence status, you are in Germany legally.
Residence title
The residence title contains information about how long you are allowed to stay in Germany, for example, and whether you are allowed to work in Germany. If you have a residence title, you are in Germany legally. This residence title can take the form of a visa, a residence permit or an EU Blue Card.
Residents’ registration office
Moving to a new town? If so, you must register at the residents’ registration office. You will need a valid passport or an alternative document that confirms your identity.
S
Salary
This is the money you receive every month as an employee with a permanent job. You also receive your salary if you are ill or take holiday. The total salary is known as gross salary. You have to pay tax and insurance from this amount. What is left is your net salary.
Sales contract
If you buy something expensive, like a car, you and the seller must sign a document. This is known as the sales contract. The sales contract contains details such as the price, date of payment, etc.
Savings account
This is a bank account where you keep money for a longer period of time. You cannot use it to make bank transfers (in the way that you can from a current account). You earn more interest on money in a savings account than on money in a current or basic account. The money usually stays in the account for longer.
Savings bank
This is like a bank, however it is a not private institution but is part of a municipality or city.
School fees
You only pay school fees at private schools. Private schools often charge very high fees for tuition.
School-based vocational training
School-based vocational training takes place only at a vocational school (Berufsfachschule). To enrol, you need a school-leaving certificate and sometimes additional experience, for example a work placement. A vocational training programme usually lasts between one and three and a half years, depending on profession.
School-leaving certificate from a Hauptschule
When you finish “Hauptschule” (lower-level secondary school), you receive a “Hauptschulabschluss”. This typically happens in year 9. In some federal states, you also have the option to take the “Qualifizierender Hauptschulabschluss” or “Quali”, an exam at the end of year 9. This is not compulsory, but it can improve your chances of finding a trainee position in a company.
SCHUFA report
Landlords or landladies often want to see a SCHUFA report. This report indicates whether you have any debts in Germany. You can apply for a SCHUFA report online at www.schufa.de Different types of reports are available; some are free, while others require a small fee. The document should be no more than three months old.
Self-employed person, self-employment
If you work for your own company, you are self-employed. You don’t have an employer. You are your own boss.
Semester
A semester is half a year at a German university. The academic year has two semesters: winter semester and summer semester.
Semester break
During the semester break, there are no lectures or seminars. However, students often have to take exams or write seminar papers during this time.
Semester fee
Studying at state universities is usually free of charge. However, students usually have to pay a semester fee each semester. This covers administrative costs, student services and the semester ticket. Studying at private universities is much more expensive.
Seminar
A seminar is a teaching session at a university. Seminars usually have fewer participants and are more interactive than lectures, when only the lecturer speaks.
Seminar paper
A seminar paper is a written assignment. Students write seminar papers on a specific topic as part of their degree programme. A seminar paper is usually between 10 and 20 pages long. It is usually graded.
Settlement
If you move into an apartment that has furniture left in it from a previous tenant, you sometimes have to pay for this. This is known as “Ablöse”, or “settlement”. This is usually for very large, heavy furniture, such as wardrobes, or kitchen fittings, such as stoves or fridges.
Shared accommodation
In shared accommodation, you live with other people in the same apartment. You usually share a bathroom and kitchen. Each person has their own room, which is known as a “WG-Zimmer” – a room in shared accommodation.
Short-term rental
Short-term rental means that you only rent an apartment for a limited period of time. This is an option if you can’t immediately find permanent accommodation or you don’t want to stay in a city for long.
Sick note
You’re ill and unable to work? If so, it’s important to tell your employer immediately. You usually need a sick note. You can get a sick note from a doctor. He or she will send the information directly to your health insurance fund. Your employer can view the sick note online. You can also get a sick note by phone. Children sometimes also need a sick note for school.
Skilled Immigration Act
If you have vocational training or practical work experience, the Skilled Immigration Act makes it easier for you to immigrate to Germany.
Social housing
Social housing is for people with little money. This type of housing is subsidised by the state and is usually cheaper. You can rent social housing with a “Wohnberechtigungsschein” (WBS for short, or housing eligibility certificate), which you can apply for from your local housing office.
Social housing eligibility certificate
A certificate of eligibility for social housing (WBS) qualifies you for cheaper housing if you have a low income, in other words, if you don’t earn much money. You can apply for WBS certificate from your local housing office.
Social insurance
This includes statutory health insurance, statutory pension insurance, statutory accident insurance, statutory long-term care insurance and statutory unemployment insurance.
Social services department
The social services department is a public authority. If you need financial assistance, the social services department will check whether you are entitled to receive benefits.
Special needs
Some children have difficulties learning. They need much longer than other children. Or they have a physical disability. They need help and support.
Special offer
Some shops sell products at especially low prices for a short time. These are called special offers. It’s usually easy to find special offers in shops, because they are displayed right next to the entrance.
Standing order
A standing order is a special kind of bank transfer. Rent is often paid by standing order. You set the payment date (for instance, the first day of the month) and provide your bank with your landlord’s or landlady’s account number. The bank then transfers the rent automatically to the landlord’s or landlady’s account on the same day every month.
State exam
Some study programmes end with a state exam. These include medicine, law, pharmacy and some teacher training programmes, depending on federal state.
State school
In Germany, most schools belong to the state. You pay nothing for tuition; it is free of charge.
Student accommodation
In student accommodation, lots of students live together in one building. Sometimes, they share a kitchen and bathroom. Student accommodation is usually cheaper than other types of accommodation. It’s often located close to the university.
T
Tariff
This is the price you pay for a certain service.
Teacher
“Lehrkraft” is a teacher who teaches at a school. Teachers are also referred to as “Lehrperson”.
Technical school-leaving certificate
This is a school-leaving certificate. You earn the technical school-leaving certificate at a vocational college, specialist academy, upper secondary-level vocational school, or through a distance learning programme at a vocational college. There are two types of “Fachabitur”: the “Fachhochschulreife”, the entrance qualification for universities of applied sciences, and the “Fachgebundene Hochschulreife”, the subject-restricted university entrance qualification. This certificate qualifies you to study at certain universities.
Tenancy agreement
If you’re renting an apartment, you will be given a document known as a tenancy agreement. You and the landlord or landlady have to sign the agreement. This makes you the tenant.
Tenant
A tenant rents an apartment or house and pays rent and utility charges to the landlord or landlady every month.
Tenant self-assessment form
You want to rent an apartment? Sometimes, landlords or landladies want to see a “Mieterselbstauskunft”, or tenant self-assessment form. You are required to answer questions, for example about your marital status or income. You can find the document online. Search for “Mieterselbstauskunft Vorlage“.
Ticket inspection
This is when a ticket inspector asks to see your ticket on the bus, tram, underground or train. If you don’t have a ticket, you have to pay a fine.
Trade licence
To set up your own business, such as a shop, restaurant or café, you need a trade licence. You can get this from the trade licensing office. The following documents are usually required: your passport, residence title, proof of appropriate professional qualifications and, in some cases, a police clearance certificate.
Trade licensing office
To set up your own business, such as a shop, restaurant or café, you need a trade licence. You can get this from the trade licensing office.
Trade union
These organisations represent the interests of employees.
Trainee
This is a person who is doing vocational training in a company.
Trainee position
This is a job for a person who is training in a profession. To get a trainee position, you have to apply to a company.
Training certificate
At the end of their dual vocational training in a company, trainees receive a training certificate. You need this certificate to get a job.
Training programme
In a training programme, you acquire knowledge and skills in a certain area. You can do a training programme at a state school, university or with a company. At the end of training, you have to take an exam. Then you get a qualification. Vocational training is a certain type of training in which you learn a practical occupation.
Tuition fees
You pay this money to attend a university or university of applied sciences. Universities in some federal states have tuition fees, but the amount varies.
U
Unemployment benefit
If you’ve lost your job, you may be eligible for unemployment benefit through the unemployment insurance fund. These benefits help you until you’ve found a new job.
Unemployment insurance
If an employee loses their job, this insurance pays a proportion of their wages or salary. All employees automatically have unemployment insurance. They share the costs with their employer. If you are self-employed, you can make voluntary contributions to unemployment insurance.
University degree
For some professions, such as engineering or teaching, you need to have a university degree. You can study at a university or a university of applied sciences.
University degree
You earn a degree when you complete a course of study at university (Bachelor’s, Master’s degree, state examination) and pass all examinations. You normally write a thesis at the end of the programme.
University entrance qualification
These certificates qualify you to study at a German university. To take a Bachelor’s degree, you usually need the Abitur certificate. To take a Master’s degree, you need a Bachelor’s certificate. The university determines the eligibility of foreign university entrance qualifications.
University of applied sciences
This is a more practically-oriented type of university. There are universities of applied sciences that specialise in engineering, economics, social education and artistic professions. To study at a university of applied sciences, you usually need the Abitur or Fachabitur.
Unsolicited application
Do you know where you want to work, but the company doesn’t have any suitable job listings? You can still send an application to the company. This is called an unsolicited application. Many companies indicate on their websites under the “Career” or “Job Vacancies” sections that they accept unsolicited applications.
Utility charges
These charges are added to the basic rental price of accommodation (cold rent). They include water rates, lighting in communal areas such as staircases and basements, waste collection and aerial or cable television connections. Occasionally, heating and electricity are included, but usually they are paid for separately.
V
Vaccination
Many illnesses are caused by bacteria or viruses. When you have a vaccination, the doctor gives you the same bacteria or viruses, but in a weakened form. This prompts the body to produce antibodies, which then protect you against future infections. Some important vaccinations include those for tetanus, measles, rubella, mumps, polio and whooping cough.
Vehicle registration certificate
This is sometimes also called “Zulassungsbescheinigung”. This document contains information about a car, for instance the make (Fiat, VW, etc.), registration number and the person who drives the car (vehicle holder).
Vocational college
A vocational college is an educational institution for school-based vocational training. This is where you learn an occupation over a period of between one and three and a half years. Unlike dual vocational training, you don’t train in a company. In some cases, however, you may be required to do a work placement.
Vocational Information Centre
BIZ employees will advise you on all questions relating to careers. You can find out where the nearest BIZ is on the (Federal Employment Agency) website.
Vocational school
Vocational schools are part of the dual vocational training system. This is where you learn the theoretical aspects of your occupation along with general subjects from other areas. You have eight to twelve hours of instruction a week. You spend the rest of the time working in a company. Alternatively, you may have block lessons, where several weeks at a vocational school are followed by several weeks of on-the-job training. For some occupations, you spend the first year attending a vocational school and then you look for trainee position with a company. Attendance at vocational school is free. You only have to cover the costs of materials, as with regular schools.
Vocational schools at upper secondary level
This is where you can obtain an upper secondary-level school leaving certificate. You can go to an upper secondary-level vocational school if you have completed vocational training.
Vocational training
This is when you learn an occupation. There is school-based vocational training and the dual training system. School-based vocational training takes place only at a vocational college. It takes between two and three and a half years. In Germany, vocational training is usually part of the dual system. Dual vocational training typically consists of two parts: instruction at a vocational school and on-the-job training in a company. It takes between two and three and a half years. This depends on the profession but also on your school-leaving qualification. If you have an Abitur, training is often shorter.
W
Wages
This is the money you receive every month as an employee with a permanent job. You also receive your wage if you are sick or take holiday. The total wage is known as gross wage. However, you have to pay taxes and insurance from this amount. What is left is your net wage.
Warm rent/ total rent
This is the rent including utility costs.
Warranty
This is the right to return faulty goods to the seller (such as a department store). You are given a new item or you can get your money back. You can also negotiate a reduced price with the seller. It’s good if you still have the receipt, but this is not obligatory.
Work permit
If you want to work in Germany but you don’t come from a European Union (EU) country, you need a work permit. For more information, visit the Federal Employment Agency website.
Work placement
A work placement provides an opportunity to gain practical experience in a professional setting. The duration of a work placement can vary. Sometimes it’s only two weeks, sometimes it lasts several months. In some cases, you can also earn a little money during a work placement.
Y
Year of training
Dual vocational training normally takes between two and three and a half years. A training year is one year of training. A training year usually starts on 1 August or 1 September of each year.
Youth welfare office
Youth welfare offices support children, teenagers and their parents. For example, they provide psychological counselling services for family-related issues. Sometimes, the problems are so severe that a child can no longer stay with their family. In cases like this, the youth welfare office finds another family to temporarily care for the child. Youth welfare offices also run daycare centres (Kitas). There is a youth welfare office in every city.
“
“Accommodation wanted” advert
In an “accommodation wanted” advert, you state that you are looking for an apartment. You provide important details, such as the required size of the apartment and your budget for the rent. Landlords or landladies can then contact you if they have a suitable place available. You can place adverts like this in a newspaper or on public notice boards, for example in shops.
