數位平台遭濫用散播假新聞和假消息,對東亞的公共領域產生了負面影響。數位平台為了財務利益而捏造或散播假新聞,危害韓國的政治和文化(Kim和Jin,2024)。典型案例包括在全國選舉(包括總統選舉和議會選舉)期間的假新聞,以及有關名人(包括韓流明星和著名演員)和幾家大型上市公司的假消息。部分YouTuber試圖通過在社群媒體上散佈假消息,包括有關主要總統候選人的假新聞,來顛覆全國選舉和其他政治進程(Sheehy et al.,2024)。
約77%的韓國人表示曾閱讀過或聽說過社群媒體上,佯裝為真人真事報導的假新聞或假消息。韓國言論振興財團2021年的報告指出,韓國民眾廣泛認為美國數位平台如YouTube(58.4%)和Facebook(10.6%)是假新聞傳播的罪魁禍首,儘管大多數的韓國人從韓國國內平台如Naver和Kakao獲取新聞。社群媒體平台扭曲公共領域,不只韓國,其他東亞國家亦無法免疫。吳慧中在其於多倫多市新聞刊登的報導中寫道:「各式各樣的假訊息在台灣滿天飛,從疫苗陰謀論到推銷營養補充劑的不實健康聲明,甚至有關於主要台籍公司撤離台灣的謠言」(Wu,2024)。與南韓和日本不同的是,LINE是台灣主要的假新聞傳播平台(47%),略超過YouTube(44%),而台灣的一些Facebook用戶也在平台上編造假新聞(41%),此意味著總體而言,全球數位平台對假消息的責任最大(表1)。用戶主要使用亞洲的社群媒體平台如Kakao和LINE「向家人、朋友和同事發送私人訊息,而不是分享資訊」(日本總務省,2018)。簡而言之,在許多亞洲國家,美國的社群媒體包括YouTube、Facebook和X是主要的假新聞和假消息的來源和傳播媒介,亞洲的社群平台則從旁協助傳播(Cato et al.,2021)。
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作者簡介
陳達永(音譯)
韓國水原人,加拿大溫哥華西門菲莎大學的傑出教授。主要研究和教學興趣包括數位平台與數位遊戲、全球化與媒體、跨國文化研究以及媒體與文化的政治經濟學。著有《韓國的線上遊戲帝國 Korea’s Online Gaming Empire 》(2010)、 《數位平台、帝國主義與政治文化Digital Platforms, Imperialism and Political Culture (2015) 》 、 《新韓流:社交媒體時代的跨國文化力量 New Korean Wave: Transnational Cultural Power in the Age of Social Media (2016) 》 、 《文化生產中的人工智慧:數位平台的批判視角 Artificial Intelligence in Cultural Production: Critical Perspectives on Digital Platforms (2021) 》、 《了解韓國網路漫畫文化:跨媒體敘事、數位平台與類型 Understanding Korean Webtoon Culture: Transmedia Storytelling, Digital Platforms, and Genres (2022) 》