Biodiversity: The term dominates debates on nature conservation and environmental protection, yet it is almost impossible to grasp. How can biodiversity be recorded? What is the current state of biodiversity in Germany? How can its status be improved?
The state of biodiversity can only ever be described in part. The best-known example, often used as a proxy for biodiversity, is species diversity. This is measured by the number of animal, plant and, perhaps, fungal species found in a given area. These can be recorded as clear numbers and compared with each other. A high number of species therefore indicates a high level of biodiversity, which is generally considered desirable.However, biodiversity encompasses much more than just the presence of species. High biological diversity is also characterised by varied habitats and intact ecosystems, or genetic diversity within populations of a species. Biodiversity encompasses life in the canopies of rustic mixed forests, as well as the greenery that grows between paving stones. We experience it in the chirping of birds in the early morning as well as in the swarming of cockchafers.
What Is the Current State of Biodiversity in Germany?
If we stick to species diversity and look at pure numbers, there is great biological diversity in Germany. The country is home to around 48,000 animal species, 9,500 plant species, and over 14,000 species of fungi.However, the state of this diversity is not so good. This was revealed by the 2024 "Biodiversity Fact Check" (Faktencheck Artenvielfalt), in which numerous researchers attempted to record Germany's biodiversity. They found that 35 per cent of animal species and 31 per cent of plant species are endangered. Three per cent of species that should exist in Germany are already extinct.
Other factors that are more difficult to quantify also indicate poor conditions and negative trends. More than half of Germany's habitat types are in an unfavourable condition. The situation is particularly dire for raised bogs, which are under threat of complete destruction. Agricultural areas such as grassland and fields are also providing less and less habitat. The intensification of agriculture has been destroying these valuable areas for decades. Today, these landscapes are home to only half as many birds as they were almost 40 years ago.
Why Is Biodiversity So Important?
A high level of biodiversity is vital for our survival. For example, it protects us from agricultural crises and pathogens. For instance, the only way to prevent insect pests is to ensure there are enough birds. Biodiversity also offers the best protection against the consequences of climate change. The greater the diversity of creatures and their living conditions, the more resilient they will be to changes in the climate.How Can People Preserve and Promote Biodiversity?
Biodiversity does not have to be lost forever. If habitats are restored, biodiversity can recover. For example, the number of forest birds in Germany has increased significantly since 2010, most likely because habitat structures in forests have been improved. In general, the most effective way to promote biodiversity is through the ecologically sustainable use of land and water.Protected areas also ensure that refuges are created for species. Here, it is the connectivity and quality of habitats that is important rather than their size: The "Green Belt", for instance, comprises several protected areas along the former border between West and East Germany, stretching almost 1,400 kilometres in total. Together, these areas form a vital corridor for many animals and plants.
May 2025
